Doppler LiDAR with Regular CMOS Sensor

Arxiv.org paper "A Time-of-Flight Imaging System Based on Resonant Photoelastic Modulation" by Okan Atalar, Raphaël Van Laer, Christopher J. Sarabalis, Amir H. Safavi-Naeini, and Amin Arbabian from Stanford University proposes a regular CMOS sensor-based Doppler LiDAR:

"To realize this system, a new device, a free-space optical mixer, is designed and fabricated. A scene is illuminated (flashed) with a megahertz level amplitude modulated light source and the reflected light from the scene is collected by a receiver. The receiver consists of the free-space optical mixer, comprising a photoelastic modulator sandwiched between polarizers, placed in front of a standard CMOS image sensor. This free-space optical mixer downconverts the megahertz level amplitude modulation frequencies into the temporal bandwidth of the image sensor. A full scale extension of the demonstrated system will be able to measure phases and Doppler shifts for the beat tones and use signal processing techniques to estimate the distance and velocity of each point in the illuminated scene with high accuracy."