Photoniques magazine published an article titled "Single photon avalanches diodes" by Angelo Gulinatti (Politecnico di Milano).
Abstract: Twenty years ago the detection of single photons was little more than a scientific curiosity reserved to a few specialists. Today it is a flourishing field with an ecosystem that extends from university laboratories to large semiconductor manufacturers. This change of paradigm has been stimulated by the emergence of critical applications that rely on single photon detection, and by technical progresses in the detector field. The single photon avalanche diode has unquestionably played a major role in this process.
Full article [free access]: https://www.photoniques.com/articles/photon/pdf/2024/02/photon2024125p63.pdf
Figure 1: Fluorescence lifetime measured by time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC). The sample is excited by a pulsed laser and the delay between the excitation pulse and the emitted photon is measured by a precision clock. By repeating multiple times, it is possible to build a histogram of the delays that reproduces the shape of the optical signal.
Figure 3: By changing the operating conditions or the design parameters, it is possible to improve some
performance metrics at the expenses of others.
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